Osman Kaftanoglu

Osman Kaftanoglu

Retired Faculty or Staff,
Sols Administration & Faculty
  • Osman.Kaftanoglu@asu.edu
  • Phone: 480-727-1889
  • ‌
  • Honey Bee Research Lab 6858 E. Old Pecos Rd Mesa, AZ 85212
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  • ‌
Biography Research Teaching Public Work
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Long Bio

Osman Kaftanoglu is an apiculturist working on honey bee colony management, honey bee behavior, reproductive biology, genetics and breeding. Kaftanoglu's research focuses on in vitro rearing of honey bee larvae and cryopreservation of honey bee semen in liquid nitrogen.

Education
  • BS, Cukurova University, Faculty of Agriculture, Adana, Turkey, 1975
  • PhD,  Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California, 1983
CV
Curriculum Vitae
Publications
  • Wang, Y., Kaftanoglu, O., Brent, C. S., Page, R. E., Jr. and Amdam, G. V. (2016). Starvation
  • stress during larval development facilitates an adaptive response in adult worker honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) J. Exp. Biol. 216, 949-959 doi:10.1242/jeb.130435
  • Wang Y., Campbell, JB, Kaftanoglu O, Page RE Jr, Amdam GV, Harrison JF (2016) Larval 
  • starvation improves metabolic response to adult starvation in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.)Journal of Experimental Biology 2016 219: 960 968; doi: 10.1242/jeb.136374
  • De Souza DA, Wang Y, Kaftanoglu O, De Jong D, Amdam GV, Gonçalves LS, Tiago M.
  • Francoy TM (2015) Morphometric Identification of Queens, Workers and Intermediates in In Vitro Reared Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0123663 April 20, 2015
  • Wang Y, Kaftanoglu O, Fondrk KM, Page RE. (2014) Nurse be behaviour manipulates worker honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) reproductive development. Animal Behavior. 92:253-261
  • Hladun, KR., Kaftanoglu, O., Parker, DR., Tran, KD., Trumble, JT. (2013). Effects of selenium on development, survival, and accumulation in the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 32(11):2584-2592
  • Siegel, AJ., Kaftanoglu, O., Fondrk, MK., Smith, NR., Page, RE. (2012). Ovarian regulation of foraging division of labor in Africanized backcross and pollen pollen-hoarding. Animal Behavior. 83(3):653-658
  • Linksvayer, TA., Kaftanoglu, O., Akyo,l E., Blatch, S., Amdam GV., Page RE. (2011) Larval and nurse worker control of developmental plasticity and the evolution of honey bee queen-worker dimorphism. J. of Evolutionary Biology 25(2):416-416 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02452.x
  • Linksvayer, TA., Kaftanoglu, O., Akyo,l E., Blatch, S., Amdam GV., Page RE. (2011) Larval and nurse worker control of developmental plasticity and the evolution of honey bee queen-worker dimorphism. J. of Evolutionary Biology 24(9):1939-1948. DOI: 10.111/j.1420-9101.2011.02331.x
  • Kaftanoglu, O., Linksvayer TA, Page RE. (2010) Rearing honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) in vitro: Effects of feeding intervals on survival and development. J.of Apic. Res. and Bee World. 49(4):311-317
  • Kaftanoglu, O., Linksvayer TA, Page RE. (2011) Rearing honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) in vitro: 1. Effects of sugar concentrations on survival and development. J. of Insect Science 11(96)
  • Mutti NS, Wang Y, Kaftanoglu O, Amdam GV (2011) Honey Bee PTEN-Description, Developmental Knockdown,  and Tissue-Specific Expression of Splice-Variants Correlated with Alternative Social Phenotypes. PLOS ONE 6(7): Article Number; e22195. DOI: 10.1371/journal pone.0022195
  • Graham AM., Munday, MD., Kaftanoglu, O., Page, RE., Amdam, GV., Rueppell, O. (2011). Support for reproductive ground plan hypothesis of social evolution and major QTL for ovary traits of Africanized worker honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) BMC Evolutionary Biology 11(95) DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-95
  • Rueppell, O., Kaftanoglu, O., Page, RE (2009) Honeybee (Apis mellifera) workers live longer in small than in large colonies. Experimental Gerontology 44(6-7):447-452. DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2009.04.003
  • Linksvayer, TA., Rueppell, O., Siegel, A., Kaftanoglu, O., Page, RE., Amdam GV. (2009) The Genetic Bases of  Transgressive Ovary Size in Honeybee Workers. Genetics 183(2): 693-707
  • Wang, Y., Amdam GV., Rueppell, O., Walrichs, MA., Fondrk, MK., Kaftanoglu, O., Page RE. (2009) PDK1 and HR46 Gene HomologsTie Social Behavior to Ovary Signals. PLOS ONE 4(4) Article Number: e4899 DOI: 10.1317/journal pone.0004899
  • Akyol, E. Yeninar, H., Kaftanoglu, O. (2008) Live weight of queen honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) predicts reproductive characteristics. J. of the Kansas Entom. Soc. 81(2):92-100Wallrich
  • Patel, A., Fondrk, M.K., Kaftanoglu, O., Emore, C., Hunt, G., Frederick, K., Amdam, G.V. (2007). The Making of a Queen: TOR Pathway Is a Key Player in Diphenic Caste Development. PLoS ONE 2(6): e509. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000509
  • Eldeniz, Cankaya, N., Kaftanoglu, O. (2006). An investigation on some diseases and parasites of bumblebee queens (Bombus terrestris L) in Turkey. Pakistan J. Of Biol. Sciences. 9(7):1282-1286
  • Popova, M., Silici, S., Kaftanoglu, O., Bankova, V. (2005) Antibacterial activity of Turkish propolis and its qualitative and quantitative chemical composition. Phytomedicine, 12(3):221-228.
  • Sahinler, N., Kaftanoglu, O. (2005). Natural product propolis: chemical composition. Nat Prod Res. 19(2):183-188.
  • Şahinler, N. Kaftanoğlu, O. (2005). The effects of season and honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) genotype on grafting rates and royal jelly production. Turkish J. of Vet. And Anim. Sci. 29(2):499-503
  • Ergin C., Ilkit, M., Kaftanoglu, O. (2004) Detection of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii in honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies. Mycoses  47:431-434
  • Dasgan, H. Y., Ozdogan, A.O., Kaftanoglu, O., Abak, K. (2004). Effectiveness of bumblebee pollination in anti-frost heated tomato greenhouses in the Mediterranean Basin. Turk. J. of Agric. For. 28:73-82
  • Akyol, E., Yeninar, H., Kaftanoglu, E., Ozkok, D. (2003). Determination of Aggressiveness behavior of  some pure and reciprocal crosses of honeybee genotypes in different seasons. Uludag Bee J. 3:38-40
  • Güler, A., E. Akyol, M. Gökçe, O. Kaftanoğlu. (2002).The Discrimination of Artvin and Ardahan Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) By Morphological Characteristics. Turkish J. of Vet. And Anim. Sci.  26: 595-60353.
  • Kaftanoglu, O. (2001). The consept of honeybee (Apis mellifera) races and race preference. Uludag Bee J. 1(3):11-20
  • Yeninar, H., Duchateau, MU., Kaftanoğlu, O., Velthuis, H. (2000). Colony developmental patterns in in different local populations of the Turkish bumble bee Bombus terrestris dalmatinus.  J. Apic. Res. 39(3-4):107-116
  • Palmer, M.R., Smith, D.R., Kaftanoglu, O., 2000. Turkish honeybees: Genetic variation and evidence for a fourth lineage of Apis mellifera mtDNA. J of Heredity 91(1): 42-46.
  • Kaftanoglu, O., Akyol, E., Yeninar, H. (2000). Effects of juvenile hormone analog on the development time and the quality of queen honeybees (Apis mellifera). Proc. 2nd  Int.  Conf.  on Africanized honey bees and bee mites. Edited by Erickson, Page and Hanna. Pp 351-3357. The A.I. Root Co. Medina, Ohio.
  • Kaftanoglu, O., Yeninar, H. (2000). Effectivenes of formic acid plates on the control of Varroa jacobsoni and chalkbrood disease (Ascosphaera apis) in honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies. Proc. 2nd  Int.  Conf.  on Africanized honey bees and bee mites. Edited by Erickson, Page and Hanna. Pp 308-314. The A.I. Root Co. Medina, Ohio.
  • Terzo, M., Kaftanoglu, O., Rasmont. P. (1999). Biogeographie du genre Ceratina Latreille dans la Cukurova et ses environs immediats (Turquie) (Hymenoptera:Apoidea). Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (N.S.) 35(suppl.) : 328-332
  • Akyol, E., Kaftanoglu, O. (2000). Colony characteristics and performance of Caucasian (Apis mellifera caucasica) and Mugla (Apis mellifera anatoliaca) bees and their reciprocal crosses. Seventh IBRA Conference on Tropical Bees and Fifth Asian Apicultural Association Conference. 19-25 march 2000, Chiang-Mai, Thailand.
  • Kaftanoglu, O., Paydas, S., Kaska, N., (2000). The use of bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) and honeybees (Apis mellifera) for the pollination of strawberries in unheated greenhouses. Seventh IBRA Conference on Tropical Bees and Fifth Asian Apicultural Association Conference. 19-25 march 2000, Chiang-Mai, Thailand.
  • Kaftanoglu, O., (2000). Faunistics and diversity of bumblebees. In Sommeijer, M.C., Ruijter, A. de., Eds. Insect Pollination in Greenhouses: Proc. of the Specialists’ Meeting. Sosterberg, The Netherlands; 2000; 73-81.
  • Güler, A., Kaftanoglu, O., Bek, Y., Yeninar, H. (1999) Determination of the morphometric characteristics of important honeybee  (Apis mellifera L.) races and ecotypes in Turkey. Tr. J. of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 23:337-343
  • Güler, A., Kaftanoğlu, O. (1999). The morphometrics of the important honeybee  (Apis mellifera L.) races and ecotypes in Turkey.-I. Tr. J. of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 23(3):565-570
  • Güler, A., Kaftanoğlu, O. (1999). The morphometrics of the important honeybee  (Apis mellifera L.) races and ecotypes in Turkey -II. Tr. J. of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 23(3):571-575
  • Güler, A., Kaftanoğlu, O. (1999). The performance of the important honeybee  (Apis mellifera L.) races and ecotypes under migratory beekeeping conditions in Turkey. Tr. J. of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 23(3):577-581
  • Güler, A., Korkmaz, A., Kaftanoğlu, O. (1999). Reproductive characteristics of Turkish Honeybee (Apis mellifera ) genotypes. Hayvansal Uretim 39-40:113-119
  • Daşgan, H.Y., Özdoğan, A.O., Abak, K., Kaftanoğlu, O. (1997) Comparison of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) and bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) as pollinators for melons (Cucumis melo L.) grown in greenhouses.1st International ISHS Symposium on Cucurbits. 20-23 May 1997, Adana, Turkey.
  • Kaftanoglu, O., Yeninar, H., Kumova U., Özkök, D. (1997) Epidemiology and control of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) diseases in Turkey. Final Report. 93 pp. TÜBİTAK Project No: VHAG-925, TÜBİTAK Publication No: 92-0054, Ankara
  • Genç, F., Kaftanoğlu, O. (1997) The effects of the hive type and wintering methods on the winter losses of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies in the Erzurum conditions.  Tr. J. of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 21(1):1-8
  • Smith, D.R., Slaymaker, A., Palmer, M., Kaftanoğlu, O. (1997) Turkish honey bees belong to the east Mediterranean mitochondrial lineage. Apidologie 28:269-274.
  • Kaftanoğlu, O., Tanyeli, A. (1996) The use of royal jelly during treatment of childhood malignancies. Int. Conf. on Bee Products: Properties, Applications and Apitherapy. Pp: 179-183. Edited by, Mizrahi and Lensky  Plenum Press, NY and London 269 pp
  • Şahinler, N.K., Kaftanoglu, O. (1996) Effects of queenlessness, feeding and the age of the larvae on the production of royal jelly. Int. Conf. on Bee Products: Properties, Applications and Apitherapy. Pp: 173-178. Edited by, Mizrahi and Lensky  Plenum Press, NY and London. 269 pp
  • Kaftanoglu, O., Yeninar, H. (1996). Studies on the domestication of bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) and using them in green houses for the production of better quality vegetables. Presented at the International Conference on Bee Products: Properties, Applications and Apitherapy. 26-30 May, 1996. Tel-Aviv, Israel
  • Yeninar, H., Kaftanoglu, O. (1996). Colony development of Anatolian bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) under laboratory conditions. Presented at the 7th International Symposium Congress. 23-28 June 1996, Lethbridge, Canada.
  • Abak, K., Kaftanoglu, O., Ikiz, O., Guler, Y., Sayalan, M., Uygun, N., Yeninar, H. (1996) Pollen production and quality during winter in unheated greenhouses and the effects of bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) pollination on pepper yield and quality. Presented at the 7th International Symposium Congress. 23-28 June 1996, Lethbridge, Canada.
  • Paydaş, S., Kaşka, N., Eti, S., Kaftanoğlu, O., Sevinç, S., Yaşa, E., Derin, K. (1996) Effects of pollination of strawberries grown in plastic greenhouses by honeybees and bumblebees on the yield and quality of fruits. Presented at the International Symposium on Protected Cultivation of Fruit Crops in Mild Winter Climates, 9-12 October 1996, Agadir, Morocco
  • Kaftanoglu, O., Yeninar, H., Talay, R. (1996). Breeding bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) for the pollination of cultivated crops grown in greenhouses. Proc. 3rd AAA Conf. on Bee Res. and Beekeeping Dev. pp:141-143, Hanoi, Vietnam.
  • Kaftanoglu, O., Yeninar, H. (1996). Use of nystatine to control chalkbrood disese (Ascosphaera apis) in honeybee colonies (Apis mellifera L.). Proc. 3rd AAA Conf. on Bee Res. and Beekeeping Dev. pp:159-163, Hanoi, Vietnam.
  • Paydaş, S., Kaşka, N., Eti, S., Kaftanoğlu, O., Sevinç, S., Yaşa, E., Derin, K. (1996) Effects of pollination of strawberries grown in plastic greenhouses by honeybees and bumblebees on the yield and quality of fruıts. Presented at the International Symposium on Protected Cultivation of Fruit Crops in Mild Winter Climates, 9-12 October 1996, Agadir, Morocco.
  • Genç, F., Kaftanoğlu, O. (1995) Determination of a suitable wintering method for honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies in cold climates. Presented at the Apimondia XXXIVth International Apicultural Congress, Lousanne Switzerland.
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  • Kaftanoğlu, O. Yeninar, H., Özkök, D. (1995) Controlling chalkbrood disease (Ascosphaera apis) in honeybee colonies by using nystatine. Presented at the Apimondia XXXIVth International Apicultural Congress, Lousanne Switzerland.
  • Kaftanoğlu, O. (1994) Honeybee diseases and health problems in Turkey. The Turkish 2nd National Beekeeping Congress 8-10 February 1994, Ankara.20. Kaftanoğlu, O., Biçici, M., Yeninar, H., Toker, S., Güler, A.(1992)  The effects of formic acid on Varroa jacobsoni and chalkbrood (Ascosphaera apis) disease in honeybee (Apis mellifera L) colonies. Doğa-Tr.J.of Veterinary and Animal Science 16(415-425) (In Turkish with Eng. summary).
  • Kaftanoğlu, O. (1994) The importance of bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) and the rearing techniques in the laboratory. The Turkish 2nd National Beekeeping Congress 8-10 February 1994, Ankara.
  • Kaftanoğlu, O., Kumova, U., Yeninar, H., Şahinler, N.K. (1993)Development of Beekeeping in the GAP Region. South Eastern Anatolia 1st Animal Production Congress. 340-352, Harran University, 12-14 May 1993.
  • Şahin, A., Kaftanoğlu, O. (1992) Effects of juvenile hormone analogue application on the development  and the cocoon yield of the silkworm (Bombyx mori L) Larvae.  J. of Sci. and Eng. 5(2):117-129
  • Kaftanoğlu, O., Kumova, U. (1992) The effects of rearing season on the quality of honeybees  raised under Çukurova region  conditions. Doğa . Turkish. J. of Veterinary  and Animal Science. 16:569-577.(In Turkish with Eng. summary).
  • Yeninar, H., Kaftanoğlu, O. (1992) The effects of  chalkbrood disease on the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies and control methods. East Anatolian I.st Beekeeping Seminar. Atatürk Univ., Erzurum, 96-106.( in Turkish)
  • Kale, N., Kaftanoğlu, O. (1992) Properties of the honeybee venom and hypersensitivity.  East Anatolian I.st Beekeeping Seminar. Atatürk Univ., Erzurum, 139-152. (in Turkish)
  • Kaftanoğlu, O., Düzenli, A., Kumova, U. (1991) Effects of the rearing seasons and flora  on the quality of  the queen honeybees ( Apis mellifera). (Presented at the XXXIIIrd International Apicultural Congress).
  • Arslan, S., Kaftanoğlu, O.(1991) A study of the supplemental feeding of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies under Çukurova region conditions. Ç.Ü. J.of .Science and Eng. 5(1):35-42 (In Turkish with Eng. summary).
  • Kaftanoğlu, O., İnci, A., Kumova, U., Topmeşe, C. (1991) Beekeeping. pp:1-31. In Animal Husbandry Specialization Commission Report. Turkish Republic Government Planning Organization: DPT:2267-ÖİK:387 ,412 pp.(in Turkish)
  • Kaftanoğlu,O., İnci, A., Kumova, U.,Topmeşe, C.(1991) Silkworm Rearing. pp:32-75. In Animal Husbandry Specialization Commission Report. Turkish Republic Government Planning Organization:DPT:2267-ÖİK:387,412 pp.(in Turkish)
  • Kumova, U., Kaftanoğlu, O. (1987) The effects of several insecticides and acaricides on honeybees (Apis mellifera)  and the possibility of  using them for the control of Varroa jacobsoni . Ç.Ü. J.of Science and Eng. 1(1):5-19, (In Turkish with Eng. summary).
  • Gül, M.A.,  Kaftanoğlu, O. (1990) Effects of grafting techniques on the quality of queen bees (Apis mellifera L.) raised under Çukurova Region Conditions.  Ç.Ü. J.of .Science and Eng. 4(2):41-53 (In Turkish with Eng. summary).
  • Kutlu, M.A., Kaftanoğlu, O. (1990) A study on the distribution and infection rate of Nosema (Nosema apis) disease of adult honeybees (Apis mellifera L.)  Ç.Ü. J.of Science and Eng. 4(2):41-53 (In Turkish with Eng. summary).
  • Akdemir, S., Kumova, U., Yurdakul, O., Kaftanoğlu, O.(1990) Economic structure of beekeeping in Adana region. Ç.U. J. of the  Fac. of Agric. 5(1):123-136. (In Turkish with Eng. summary).
  • Kaftanoğlu, O. (1990) Beekeeping  in Turkey  and potential   of package  bee  business. Türkiye  Agric. Eng. 3rd.  Technical Congress. 568-575. (In Turkish ).
  • Kaftanoğlu, O., Peng, Y.S. (1986) Storage  of honeybee spermatozoa  in liquid nitrogen. Honeybee Science 7(4):169-172 (In Japanese).
  • Peng,Y.S., Marston, J.M., Kaftanoğlu, O.(1984) Effect of supplemental feeding of honeybee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) populations and the economic value of the supplemental feeding for production of package bees. J. Econ. Ent. 77: 632-636.
  • Kaftanoğlu, O., Peng, Y.S. (1984) Preservation of honeybee spermatozoa  in liquid nitrogen. J. Apic. Res. 23(3):157-163.
  • Kaftanoğlu ,O., Peng, Y.S. (1982)  Effects of insemination on the initiation of oviposition in the queen honeybees. J. Apic. Res. 21(1):3-6
  • Kaftanoğlu ,O. (1981) A washing technique  for  collecting   large quantities  of semen for instrumental insemination of queen honeybees. Apiacta. XVII, (3-4):115-119
  • Kaftanoğlu ,O., Peng, Y.S. (1980 b) A washing technique  for  collection  of semen of honeybees (Apis mellifera). J. of Apic. Res. 19(3):205-211
  • Kaftanoğlu ,O., Peng, Y.S. (1980 a) A new syringe for semen storage and instrumental inseminations of queen honeybees.  J.of. Apic. Res. 19(1):73-76
Honors / Awards
  • 2000 Honorary Professor given by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Apicultural Research Institute, Beijing China
  • 1988 Young Scientist (Incentive) award given by the Turkish Scientific   and Technical Research Council (TUBITAK)
  • 1981 Apiculture Student Award given by the Eastern Apic. Soc. in the USA & Canada
  • 1976-1983 Graduate Scholarship from the Turkish Ministry of Education
  • 1970-1975 Undergraduate Scholarship from the Turkish Ministry of Agriculture
  • 1975 Graduated with honors from the Cukurova University, Adana Turkey.
Editorships
  • Organized 12th AAA Conference in Antalya, Turkey in April 2014
  • Organized the 3rd National Beekeeping Conference in Adana, Turkey in 2000
  • Referee of the Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences
  • Referee of the Technical Beekeeping Journal (Teknik Aricilik Dergisi)
  • Editorial Board member of the Journal of Science of the Yuzuncu Yil University
  • Editorial Board member of the Journal of Science of the Sutcuimam  University
  • Editorial Board member of the Journal of Science of the Mustafa Kemal University
  • Editorial Board member of the Uludag Bee Journal
  • Editorial Board member of the Mellifera
  • Editorial Board member of the Hasad Agricultural Journal
  • Editorial Board member of the Cine Agricultural Journal
Professional Associations
  • International Bee Research Association (IBRA)
  • Asian Apicultural Association (AAA) Chapter director of Turkey
  • Elected member of the International Commission on Plant Bee Relationship (ICPBR)
  • European Pollinator Initiatives representative of Turkey 
Graduate Faculties / Mentoring History

PhD Thesis: (7 PhD students)

  • Ulviye Kumova (Presently Professor at the Cukurova University)
  • Ethem Akyol (Presently Professor at the Nigde University)
  • Ahmet Guler (Presently Professor at the Samsun Ondokuzmayis University)
  • Nuray Sahinler (Presently Associate Professor at the Mustafa Kemal University)
  • Sibel Silici (Presently Professor at the Erciyes University)
  • Halil Yeninar (Presently Associate Professor at Kahramanmaras Sutcuimam  University)
  • Ayse Sahin

MS Thesis: (12 MS students)

Mehmet Ali Gul, Mehmet Zeybek, Servet Arslan, Mehmet Ali Kutlu, Halil Yeninar, Ayse Sahin, Ethem Akyol, Nuray Sahinler, Necda Eldeniz, Duran Ozkok, Gulten Bulut, Aykut Burgut. 

Work History
  • 2005-Present, Faculty, Project manager: School of Life Sciences, ASU, Tempe, AZ
  • 2003-04, Director: Cukurova Univ., Kozan Community College, Kozan, Adana, Turkey
  • 2002-04, Chairman Department of Animal Science, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
  • 1998-99, Visiting Scientist University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
  • 1994-2004, Professor University of Cukurova, Faculty of Agriculture, Adana, Turkey
  • 1987-1994, Associate Professor University of Cukurova, Faculty of Agriculture, Turkey
  • 1983-87, Assistant Professor University of Cukurova, Faculty of Agriculture, Turkey
Expertise Areas
Social Insects
Sociality
Genetics
Behavior
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