Cesar Torres
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Biodesign C 401 TEMPE, AZ 85287-6106
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Mail code: 6106Campus: Tempe
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César I. Torres is a professor of chemical engineering in the School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy at Arizona State University. He is also graduate faculty in environmental engineering, biological design and sustainability. The Torres Lab, part of the Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, focuses on microbiological technologies that provide energy or high value chemicals to society. Our goal is to make use of microorganisms and their complex enzymatic machinery to carry out reactions that are difficult or impossible through any other known chemical route. Our main research topics are microbial electrochemistry, fermentations, and photosynthetic production of biofuels.
Microbial Electrochemistry
Anode-respiring bacteria (ARB) are capable of utilizing an anode as a solid electron acceptor, while oxidizing a variety of electron donors (substrates). Thus, ARB can be used to convert organic compounds or wastes into an electrical current. This current can in turn be used for a variety of electrochemical reactions, generating products of interest. The current produced by ARB can also be used as an analytical signal that monitors the respiration rate of ARB. Through this concept, we use ARB in the lab to understand kinetics of microbial metabolism.
Fermentations
From alcohol production to municipal wastewater sludge digestion, fermentation plays a crucial role in biotechnology. Our lab focuses on optimizing fermentations, developing novel processes and reactors, as well as finding new microorganisms to optimize fermentative pathways.
Photosynthetic Biofuel Production
All the energy on the planet comes from the sun. Our most direct route to produce renewable biofuels is through the use of photosynthetic microorganisms. Our lab focuses on collaborations with various research teams to optimize photobioreactor designs and processes. Our goal is to create optimal conditions in the reactors so that microoganisms maximize biofuel production.
- Ph.D. Environmental Engineering, Arizona State University 2009
- M.S.E. Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University 2005
- B.S. Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez 2002
Photosynthetic Biofuel Production
Solar energy is the true renewable source of energy in this planet. The Torres Lab focuses on optimizing processes to grow photosynthetic organisms that can produce biofuels. We focus on cyanobacteria and algae, understanding the nutrient requirements in order to maximize biofuel production. At the same time, we design new processes that can lead to a more efficient production and harvest of the biofuel. We also focus on the growth of these microorganisms in biofilms and with the use of wastewater as nutrient source.
Microbial Fermentations and Reductions for Bioenergy
Microorganisms are known to perform many complex reactions that are difficult to catalyze through chemical processes. Many of these reactions can lead to biofuels that are of great importance to society. The Torres Lab looks to optimize known processes that involve microorganisms, focusing on fermentations and reductions. These processes are common for ethanol production using yeasts to biogas production from wastewater sludge. In all these processes, the balance between thermodynamics, kinetic rates, and microbial growth play an important role in the process feasibility. We focus on designing novel processes using known microbial pathways, while searching for new pathways that can lead to new ways to produce biofuels.
Microbial Electrochemistry and Technologies
The Torres Lab focuses mainly on fundamental and applied research related to microbial electrochemistry. This young field of research bloomed about a decade ago when we learned that microbes can electrically connect to an electrode, producing an electrical current. The electrical current produced is actually part of their metabolic respiration, as the anode serves as their local electron acceptor (thus, we call them anode-respiring bacteria, ARB). Today, there are still many unknowns regarding the mechanism that allows ARB to transport electrons from thick biofilms, sometimes over 100 micrometers, to the electrode. Despite these unknowns, many technologies have been proposed using ARB in microbial electrochemical cells (MXCs). MXCs can be used to convert complex organic compounds, such as wastes, into electrical power or valuable products. Our group tackles both the fundamental understanding of ARB biofilms, focusing on transport processes, and the development and optimization of MXC technologies. Currently, we have four major research efforts:
Characterization of Novel Anode-respiring Bacteria
Most of the research in microbial electrochemistry so far has focused on two main microorganisms: Geobacter sulfurreducens and Shewanella oneidensis. While these are excellent model microorganisms to study anode respiration, there is a need to study other ARB. Our group has focused on identifying and characterizing new ARB, including thermophiles (~ 60 deg C)Thermincola ferriacetica and Thermoanaerobacter spp., alkalophileGeoalkalibacter ferrihydriticus, and halophile Geoalkalibacter subterraneus. But the search for ARB continues! Our goal is to focus on those ARB that bring novel metabolic capabilities that can be used in MXC applications.
Fundamental Studies on Electron and Proton Transport in Anode Bioilms
The unique phenomenon of extracellular respiration in biofilm-forming ARB requires efficient transport of electrons and protons out of the biofilm. We apply advanced electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to study these transport processes in detail. We especially focus on how accumulation of electrons and protons inside biofilms affects the energy metabolism of ARB. We also use, in our studies, novel electrode geometries wherein electron and proton gradients can be influenced. We combine the use of electrochemical techniques with powerful microscopic techniques to understand these gradients. We use the information obtained through such studies to develop mathematical models that accurately describe and predict the current generated by ARB biofilms under a range of conditions.
Optimizing the Microbial Ecology of MXC Anodes
ARB participate in syntrophic interactions with various microbial trophic groups in an anaerobic microbial food web in order to achieve high efficiencies of electron capture from complex organics. Competing microbial processes such as methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, and denitrification can drive electrons away from anode respiration. Source of inoculum, pH, degree of substrate complexity are some of the key variables that influence the microbial ecology of anodes. We focus on unearthing the microbial ecology of complex organic substrates from globally diverse environmental inocula under different environmental conditions. Suppression of undesirable microbial sinks such as methanogenesis and promotion of desirable microbial partners such as homoacetogenesis is another central research theme. Molecular microbial ecology tools from the Krajmalnik-Brown lab aid in the characterization along with microscopic techniques. We strive to employ beneficial ecological management in microbial electrochemical cells through sound engineering and microbiological practices.
Optimization of MXC Processes Towards Scale-up
The electrical current produce by ARB can be used for many applications, such as power production (microbial fuel cell), hydrogen production, and other chemicals. Our research focuses on optimizing processes that can have near-term impacts in society, while envisioning new processes that can be developed based on new discoveries. For example, through the study of thermophilic ARB, we are optimizing a process to produce H2 from cellulosic biomass taking advantage of efficient cellulosic degrading microbes at this temperature. We are also optimizing a process to produce hydrogen peroxide at the cathode of a microbial fuel cell fed with wastewater. The hydrogen peroxide can then be used to further treat and disinfect the wastewater stream. Through the fundamental knowledge obtained in other research efforts discussed above, we develop mathematical models that allow us to predict and optimize these new processes to achieve economic feasibility.
2022
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CM Lewis, JD Flory, TA Moore, AL Moore, BE Rittmann, WFJ Vermaas, CI Torres, P Fromme. Electrochemically Driven Photosynthetic Electron Transport in Cyanobacteria Lacking Photosystem II. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2022, 144 (7), 2933-2942
2021
- M Meinel, J Wang, E Cox, P Dennis, C Torres, R Krajmalnik-Brown. The influence of electrokinetic bioremediation on subsurface microbial communities at a perchloroethylene contaminated site. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2021,105 (16), 6489-6497.
- Zeppilli M, Paiano P, Torres CI, Pant D. A critical evaluation of the pH split and associated effects in bioelectrochemical processes. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021, 422, 130155.
- Calvo DC, Ontiveros‐Valencia A, Krajmalnik‐Brown R, Torres CI, Rittmann BE. Carboxylates and alcohols production in an autotrophic hydrogen‐based membrane biofilm reactor. Biotechnology and bioengineering, 2021, 118(6), 2338-2347.
- Li X, Lu Y, Luo H, Liu G, Torres CI, Zhang R. Effect of pH on bacterial distributions within cathodic biofilm of the microbial fuel cell with maltodextrin as the substrate. Chemosphere, 2021, 265, 129088.
2020
- Meinel M, Krajmalnik-Brown, R, Torres, CI. Coupled electrokinetic and biological remediation method leads to improved treatment of chlorinated solvents at high sulfate, transport limited sites. Environmental Science: Water Research and Technology, 2020, 6(10), pp. 2926–2937.
2019
- Ki D, Kupferer III R, Torres CI. High-rate stabilization of primary sludge in a single-chamber microbial hydrogen peroxide producing cell. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology, 2019, 5, 1124-1131.
2018
- Lusk BG, Peraza I, Albal G, Marcus AK, Popat SC, Torres CI. pH Dependency in Anode Biofilms of Thermincola ferriacetica Suggests a Proton-Dependent Electrochemical Response. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2018, 140 (16), 5527-5534.
- Tejedor-Sanz S, Fernández-Labrador P, Hart SG, Torres CI, Esteve-Nuñez A. 2018. Geobacter dominates the inner layers of a stratified biofilm on a fluidized anode during brewery wastewater treatment. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2018, 9: 378.
- Lusk BG, Colin A, Parameswaran P, Rittmann BE, Torres CI. Simultaneous fermentation of cellulose and current production with an enriched mixed culture of thermophilic bacteria in a microbial electrolysis cell. Microbial Biotechnology, 2018, 11(1): 63.
- Esquivel-Elizondo S, Miceli III JF, Torres CI, Krajmalnik-Brown R. Impact of carbon monoxide partial pressures on methanogenesis and medium chain fatty acids production during ethanol fermentation. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2018, 115 (2), 341-350.
2017
- B.G. Lusk, A. Colin, P. Parameswaran, B.E. Rittmann, C.I. Torres. Simultaneous fermentation of cellulose and current production with an enriched mixed culture of thermophilic bacteria in a microbial electrolysis cell. Microbial Biotechnology, 2017, in press.
- D. Ki, S.C. Popat, B.E. Rittmann, C.I. Torres. H2O2 production in microbial electrochemical cells fed with primary sludge. Environmental Science & Technology, 2017, 51, 6139-6145.
- M.N. Young, N. Chowdhury, E. Garver, P.J. Evans, S.C. Popat, B.E. Rittmann, C.I. Torres. Understanding the impact of operational conditions on performance of microbial peroxide producing cells. Journal of Power Sources, 2017, 356, 448-458.
- D. Zhou, S. Dong, J. She, X. Cui, D. Ki, C.I. Torres, B.E. Rittmann. Intimate coupling of N-doped TiO2 photocatalyst and anode respiring bacteria for enhancing 4-chlorophenol degradation and current generation. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2017, 317, 882-889.
- Y. Park, S. Park, V.K. Nugyen, J. Yu, C.I. Torres, B.E. Rittmann, T. Lee. Complete nitrogen removal by simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in flat-panel air-cathode microbial fuel cells treating domestic wastewater. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2017, 316, 673-679.
- M. Mahmoud, P. Parameswaran, C.I. Torres, B.E. Rittmann. Electrochemical techniques reveal that total ammonium stress increases electron flow to anode respiration in mixed-species bacterial anode biofilms. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2017, 114, 1151-1159.
- D. Ki, P. Parameswaran, S.C. Popat, B.E. Rittmann, C.I. Torres. Maximizing Coulombic recovery and solids reduction from primary sludge by controlling retention time and pH in a flat-plate microbial electrolysis cell. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology, 2017, 3, 333-339.
2016
- M.N. Young, M.J. Links, S.C. Popat, B.E. Rittmann, C.I. Torres. Tailoring Microbial Electrochemical Cells for Production of Hydrogen Peroxide at High Concentrations and Efficiencies. ChemSusChem, 2016, 9 (23), 3345-3352.
- J.F. Miceli III, C.I. Torres, R. Krajmalnik-Brown. Shifting the balance of fermentation products between hydrogen and volatile fatty acids: microbial community structure and function. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 2016, 92 (12), fiw195.
- B.G. Lusk, P. Parameswaran, S.C. Popat, B.E. Rittmann, C.I. Torres. The effect of pH and buffer concentration on anode biofilms of Thermincola ferriacetica. Bioelectrochemistry, 2016, 112, 47-52.
- O. Sosa-Hernández, P. Parameswaran, G.S. Alemán-Nava, C.I. Torres, R. Parra-Saldívar. Evaluating biochemical methane production from brewer's spent yeast. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, 2016, 6, 1-10.
- S.C. Popat, C.I. Torres. Critical transport rates that limit the performance of microbial electrochemistry technologies. Bioresource Technology, 2016, 215, 265-273.45.
- M. Mahmoud, P. Parameswaran, C.I. Torres, B.E. Rittmann. Relieving the fermentation inhibition enables high electron recovery from landfill leachate in a microbial electrolysis cell. RSC Advances, 2016, 6, 6658 – 6664.
- D. Ki, S. C. Popat, C. I. Torres. Reduced overpotentials in microbial electrolysis cells through improved design, operation, and electrochemical characterization. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2016, 287, 181-188.
- O. Sosa-Hernández, S. C. Popat, P. Parameswaran, G. S. Aleman-Nava, C. I. Torres, G. Buitron, R. Parra-Saldívar. Application of microbial electrolysis cells to treat spent yeast from an alcoholic fermentation. Bioresource Technology, 2016, 200, 342-349.
2015
- B. G. Lusk, Q. F. Khan, P. Parameswaran, A. Hameed, N. Ali, B. E. Rittmann, C. I. Torres. Characterization of electrical current- generation capabilities from thermophilic bacterium Thermoanaerobacter pseudethanolicus using xylose, glucose, cellobiose, or acetate with fixed anode potentials. Environmental Science & Technology, 2015, 49 (24), 14725-14731.
- D. Ki, P. Parameswaran, S. C. Popat, B. E. Rittmann, C. I. Torres. Effects of pre-fermentation and pulsed-electric-field treatment of primary sludge in microbial electrochemical cells. Bioresource Technology, 2015, 195, 83-88.
- B. G. Lusk, J. P. Badalamenti, P. Parameswaran, D. R. Bond, C. I. Torres. Draft genome sequence of the gram-positive thermophilic iron reducer Thermincola ferriacetica strain Z-0001T. Genome Announcements, 2015, 3, e01072-15.
- R. A. Yoho, S. C. Popat, L. Rago, A. Guisasola, C. I. Torres. Anode biofilms of Geoalkalibacter ferrihydriticus exhibit electrochemical signatures of multiple electron transport pathways. Langmuir, 2015, 31, 12552-12559.
- D. Ki, P. Parameswaran, B. E. Rittmann, C. I. Torres. Effect of pulsed electric field pretreatment on primary sludge for enhanced bioavailability and energy capture. Environmental Engineering Science, 2015, 32, 831-837.
- J. P. Badalamenti, R. Krajmalnik-Brown, C. I. Torres, D. R. Bond. Genomes of Geoalkalibacter ferrihydriticus Z-0531T and Geoalkalibacter subterraneus Red1T, Two Haloalkaliphilic Metal-Reducing Deltaproteobacteria. Genome Announcements, 2015, 3, e00039-15.
2014
- R. A. Yoho, S. C. Popat, C. I. Torres. Dynamic potential-dependent electron transport pathway shifts in anode biofilms of Geobacter sulfurreducens. ChemSusChem, 2014, 7, 3413-3419.
- S. C. Popat, D. Ki, M. N. Young, B. E. Rittmann, C. I. Torres. Buffer pKa and transport govern concentration overpotential in electrochemical oxygen reduction at neutral pH. ChemElectroChem, 2014, 1, 1909-1915.
- J. F. Miceli III, I. Garcia-Pena, P. Parameswaran, C. I. Torres, R. Krajmalnik-Brown. Combining microbial cultures for the efficient production of electricity from butyrate in a microbial electrochemical cell. Bioresource Technology, 2014, 169, 169-174.
- H. Ren, C. I. Torres, P. Parameswaran, B. E. Rittmann, J. Chae. Improved current and power density with a micro-scale microbial fuel cell due to a small characteristic length. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2014, 61, 587-592.
- C. I. Torres. On the importance of identifying, characterizing, and predicting fundamental phenomena towards microbial electrochemistry applications. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 2014, 27, 107-114.
- M. Mahmoud, P. Parameswaran, C. I. Torres, and B. E. Rittmann. Fermentation pre-treatment of landfill leachate for enhanced electron recovery in a microbial electrolysis cell. Bioresource Technology, 2014, 151, 151-158.
- A. G. Delgado, D. Fajardo-Williams, S. C. Popat, C. I. Torres, and R. Krajmalnik-Brown. Successful operation of continuous reactors at short retention times results in high-density, fast-rate Dehalococcoides dechlorinating cultures. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2014, 98, 2729-2737.
- J. P. Badalamenti, C. I. Torres, and R. Krajmalnik-Brown. Coupling dark metabolism to electricity generation using photosynthetic cocultures. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2014, 111, 223-231.
2013
- P. Parameswaran, T. Bry, S. C. Popat, B. G. Lusk, B. E. Rittmann, and C. I. Torres. Kinetic, electrochemical, and microscopic characterization of the thermophilic, anode-respiring bacterium Thermincola ferriacetica. Environmental Science & Technology, 2013, 47, 4934-4940.
- J. P. Badalamenti, R. Krajmalnik-Brown, and C. I. Torres. Generation of high current densities by pure cultures of anode-respiring Geoalkalibacter spp. under alkaline and saline conditions in microbial electrochemical cells. mBio, 2013, 4, e00144-13.
- J. P. Badalamenti, C. I. Torres, and R. Krajmalnik-Brown. Light-responsive current generation by phototrophically enriched anode biofilms dominated by green sulfur bacteria. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2013, 110, 1020-1027.
2012
- S. Mahendra, P. Gedalanga, S. M. Kotay, C. I. Torres, C. S. Butler, and R. Goel. Advancements in molecular techniques and applications in environmental engineering. Water Environment Research, 2012, 84, 814-844.
- J. F. Miceli, P. Parameswaran, D. W. Kang, R. Krajmalnik-Brown, and C. I. Torres. Enrichment and analysis of anode-respiring bacteria from diverse anaerobic inocula. Environmental Science & Technology, 2012, 46, 10394-10355.
- S. C. Popat, D. Ki, B. E. Rittmann, and C. I. Torres. Importance of OH- transport from cathodes in microbial fuel cells. ChemSusChem, 2012, 5, 1071-1079.
- D. R. Bond, S. M. Strycharz-Glaven, L. M. Tender, and C. I. Torres. On electron transport through Geobacterbiofilms. ChemSusChem, 2012, 5, 1099-1105.
- P. Parameswaran, C. I. Torres, D. W. Kang, B. E. Rittmann, and R. Krajmalnik-Brown. The role of homoacetogenic bacteria as efficient hydrogen scavengers in microbial electrochemical cells (MXCs). Water Science and Technology, 2012, 65, 1-6.
2011
- R. Goel, S. M. Kotay, C. S. Butler, C. I. Torres, and S. Mahendra. Molecular biological methods in environmental engineering. Water Environment Research, 2011, 83, 927-955.
- C. I. Torres, S. Ramakrishna, C. A. Chiu, K. G. Nelson, P. Westerhoff, and R. Krajmalnik-Brown. Fate of sucralose during wastewater treatment. Environmental Engineering Science, 2011, 28, 325-331.
- A. K. Marcus, C. I. Torres, and B. E. Rittmann. Analysis of a microbial electrochemical cell using the proton condition in biofilm (PCBIOFILM) model. Bioresource Technology, 2011, 102, 253-262.
- P. Parameswaran, C. I. Torres, H. S. Lee, B. E. Rittmann, and R. Krajmalnik-Brown. Hydrogen consumption in microbial electrochemical systems (MXCs): The role of homo-acetogenic bacteria. Bioresource Technology, 2011, 102, 263-271.
- S. Choi, H. S. Lee, Y. Yang, P. Parameswaran, C. I. Torres, B. E. Rittmann, and J. Chae. A microliter-scale micromachined microbial fuel cell having high power density. Lab on a Chip, 2011, 11, 1110-1117.
2010
- A. K. Marcus, C. I. Torres, and B. E. Rittmann. Evaluating the impacts of migration in the biofilm anode using the model PCBIOFILM. Electrochimica Acta, 2010, 55, 6964-6972.
- P. Parameswaran, H. S. Zhang, C. I. Torres, B. E. Rittmann, and R. Krajmalnik-Brown. Microbial community structure in a biofilm anode fed with a fermentable substrate: The significance of hydrogen scavengers. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2010, 105, 69-78.
- C. I. Torres, A. K. Marcus, H. S. Lee, P. Parameswaran, R. Krajmalnik-Brown, and B. E. Rittmann. A kinetic perspective on extracellular electron transfer by anode-respiring bacteria. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 2010, 34, 3-17.
2009
- C. I. Torres, R. Krajmalnik-Brown, P. Parameswaran, A. K. Marcus, G. Wanger, Y. A. Gorby, and B. E. Rittmann. Selecting anode-respiring bacteria based on anode potential: Phylogenetic, electrochemical, and microscopic characterization. Environmental Science & Technology, 2009, 43, 9519-9524.
- H. S. Lee, C. I. Torres, P. Parameswaran, and B. E. Rittmann. Fate of H2 in an upflow single-chamber microbial electrolysis cell using a metal-catalyst-free cathode. Environmental Science & Technology, 2009, 43, 7971-7976.
- H. S. Lee, C. I. Torres, and B. E. Rittmann. Effects of substrate diffusion and anode potential on kinetic parameters for anode-respiring bacteria. Environmental Science & Technology, 2009, 43, 7571-7577.
- P. Parameswaran, C. I. Torres, H. S. Lee, R. Krajmalnik-Brown, and B. E. Rittmann. Syntrophic interactions among anode-respiring bacteria (ARB) and non-ARB in a biofilm anode: Electron balances. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2009, 103, 513-523.
2008
- C. I. Torres, H. S. Lee, and B. E. Rittmann. Carbonate species as OH- carriers for decreasing the pH gradient between cathode and anode in biological fuel cells. Environmental Science & Technology, 2008, 42, 8773-8777.7.
- M. D. Marsolek, C. I. Torres, M. Hausner, and B. E. Rittmann. Intimate coupling of photocatalysis and biodegradation in a photocatalytic circulating-bed biofilm reactor. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2008, 101, 83-92.
- C. I. Torres, A. K. Marcus, P. Parameswaran, and B. E. Rittmann. Kinetic experiments for evaluating the Nernst-Monod model for anode-respiring bacteria (ARB) in a biofilm anode. Environmental Science & Technology, 2008, 42, 6593-6597.
- C. I. Torres, A. K. Marcus, and B. E. Rittmann. Proton transport inside the biofilm limits electrical current generation by anode-respiring bacteria. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2008, 100, 872-881.
- H. S. Lee, P. Parameswaran, A. K. Marcus, C. I. Torres, and B. E. Rittmann. Evaluation of energy-conversion efficiencies in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) utilizing fermentable and non-fermentable substrates. Water Research, 2008, 42, 1501-1510.
2007 and before
- A. K. Marcus, C. I. Torres, and B. E. Rittmann. Conduction-based modeling of the biofilm anode of a microbial fuel cell. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2007, 98, 1171-1182.
- C. I. Torres, A. K. Marcus, and B. E. Rittmann. Kinetics of consumption of fermentation products by anode-respiring bacteria. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2007, 77, 689-697.
- J. Cowman, C. I. Torres, and B. E. Rittmann. Total nitrogen removal in an aerobic/anoxic membrane biofilm reactor system. Water Science and Technology, 2005, 52, 115-120.
BOOK CHAPTERS
- R. A. Yoho, S. C. Popat, F. Fabregat-Santiago, S. Giménez, A. ter Heijne, C. I. Torres. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy as a powerful analytical tool for the study of microbial electrochemical cells. In Electrochemically-Active Biofilms in Bioelectrochemical Systems: From Laboratory Practice to Data Interpretation, 2015, eds. H. Beyenal, J. Babauta; John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN: 978-1-118-41349-4.
- B. E. Rittmann, C. I. Torres, and A. K. Marcus. Perspectives on microbial fuel cells and other biomass-based renewable energy technologies. In Emerging Environmental Technologies, 2008, ed. V. Shah, Springer ISBN: 978-1-4020-8785-1.
Courses
2023 Summer
| Course Number | Course Title |
|---|---|
| CHE 792 | Research |
| CEE 792 | Research |
| CEE 790 | Reading and Conference |
| BDE 792 | Research |
| CHE 231 | IntroTransport Phenom I:Fluids |
| CHE 792 | Research |
| CHE 231 | IntroTransport Phenom I:Fluids |
| CHE 799 | Dissertation |
| MBB 495 | Undergraduate Research |
| CEE 799 | Dissertation |
| CEE 795 | Continuing Registration |
| CHE 584 | Internship |
| CHE 595 | Continuing Registration |
| CHE 593 | Applied Project |
| CHE 595 | Continuing Registration |
2023 Spring
| Course Number | Course Title |
|---|---|
| CEE 790 | Reading and Conference |
| CEE 599 | Thesis |
| CEE 799 | Dissertation |
| CEE 493 | Honors Thesis |
| CEE 592 | Research |
| CEE 792 | Research |
| CEE 595 | Continuing Registration |
| CEE 795 | Continuing Registration |
| CEE 492 | Honors Directed Study |
| MBB 495 | Undergraduate Research |
| CEE 593 | Applied Project |
| CHE 599 | Thesis |
| CHE 792 | Research |
| CHE 799 | Dissertation |
| CHE 593 | Applied Project |
| CHE 592 | Research |
| CEE 790 | Reading and Conference |
| BDE 799 | Dissertation |
| CEE 792 | Research |
| BDE 792 | Research |
| CEE 493 | Honors Thesis |
| CEE 599 | Thesis |
| CHE 595 | Continuing Registration |
| BDE 792 | Research |
| CHE 593 | Applied Project |
| BDE 795 | Continuing Registration |
| BDE 799 | Dissertation |
| EVE 599 | Thesis |
| CHE 792 | Research |
| CHE 599 | Thesis |
| CHE 799 | Dissertation |
2022 Fall
| Course Number | Course Title |
|---|---|
| CEE 492 | Honors Directed Study |
| CEE 493 | Honors Thesis |
| CEE 499 | Individualized Instruction |
| CEE 592 | Research |
| CEE 595 | Continuing Registration |
| CEE 599 | Thesis |
| CEE 790 | Reading and Conference |
| CEE 792 | Research |
| CEE 795 | Continuing Registration |
| CEE 799 | Dissertation |
| BDE 792 | Research |
| CHE 599 | Thesis |
| CHE 792 | Research |
| CHE 799 | Dissertation |
| BIO 495 | Undergraduate Research |
| MBB 495 | Undergraduate Research |
| BDE 799 | Dissertation |
| CEE 593 | Applied Project |
| CEE 792 | Research |
| CEE 595 | Continuing Registration |
| CEE 799 | Dissertation |
| CEE 592 | Research |
| CEE 493 | Honors Thesis |
| CEE 790 | Reading and Conference |
| CEE 499 | Individualized Instruction |
| CHE 473 | Fuel Cells and Biofuel Cells |
| CHE 573 | Fuel Cells and Biofuel Cells |
| CHE 595 | Continuing Registration |
| CHE 792 | Research |
| CHE 593 | Applied Project |
2022 Summer
| Course Number | Course Title |
|---|---|
| CEE 792 | Research |
| CEE 790 | Reading and Conference |
| BDE 792 | Research |
| CHE 231 | IntroTransport Phenom I:Fluids |
| CHE 792 | Research |
| CHE 792 | Research |
| CHE 231 | IntroTransport Phenom I:Fluids |
| CHE 799 | Dissertation |
| MBB 495 | Undergraduate Research |
| CEE 799 | Dissertation |
| CEE 795 | Continuing Registration |
| CHE 595 | Continuing Registration |
| CHE 593 | Applied Project |
| CHE 595 | Continuing Registration |
| CHE 584 | Internship |
2022 Spring
| Course Number | Course Title |
|---|---|
| CEE 790 | Reading and Conference |
| CEE 599 | Thesis |
| CEE 799 | Dissertation |
| CEE 493 | Honors Thesis |
| CEE 592 | Research |
| CEE 792 | Research |
| CEE 595 | Continuing Registration |
| CEE 795 | Continuing Registration |
| CEE 492 | Honors Directed Study |
| MBB 495 | Undergraduate Research |
| CEE 593 | Applied Project |
| CHE 599 | Thesis |
| CHE 792 | Research |
| CHE 799 | Dissertation |
| CHE 593 | Applied Project |
| CHE 592 | Research |
| CEE 790 | Reading and Conference |
| BDE 799 | Dissertation |
| CEE 792 | Research |
| BDE 792 | Research |
| CEE 493 | Honors Thesis |
| CEE 599 | Thesis |
| CHE 595 | Continuing Registration |
| BDE 792 | Research |
| CHE 593 | Applied Project |
| BDE 795 | Continuing Registration |
| BDE 799 | Dissertation |
| CHE 599 | Thesis |
2021 Fall
| Course Number | Course Title |
|---|---|
| CEE 492 | Honors Directed Study |
| CEE 493 | Honors Thesis |
| CEE 499 | Individualized Instruction |
| CEE 592 | Research |
| CEE 595 | Continuing Registration |
| CEE 599 | Thesis |
| CEE 790 | Reading and Conference |
| CEE 792 | Research |
| CEE 795 | Continuing Registration |
| CEE 799 | Dissertation |
| BDE 792 | Research |
| CHE 592 | Research |
| CHE 599 | Thesis |
| CHE 792 | Research |
| CHE 799 | Dissertation |
| BIO 495 | Undergraduate Research |
| MBB 495 | Undergraduate Research |
| BDE 799 | Dissertation |
| CEE 593 | Applied Project |
| CEE 792 | Research |
| CEE 595 | Continuing Registration |
| CEE 799 | Dissertation |
| CEE 592 | Research |
| CEE 493 | Honors Thesis |
| CEE 499 | Individualized Instruction |
| CHE 473 | Fuel Cells and Biofuel Cells |
| CHE 573 | Fuel Cells and Biofuel Cells |
| CHE 595 | Continuing Registration |
| CHE 792 | Research |
| BDE 799 | Dissertation |
| CHE 592 | Research |
2021 Summer
| Course Number | Course Title |
|---|---|
| CEE 792 | Research |
| CEE 790 | Reading and Conference |
| BDE 792 | Research |
| CHE 231 | IntroTransport Phenom I:Fluids |
| CHE 792 | Research |
| CHE 792 | Research |
| CHE 231 | IntroTransport Phenom I:Fluids |
| CHE 799 | Dissertation |
| MBB 495 | Undergraduate Research |
| CEE 799 | Dissertation |
| CEE 795 | Continuing Registration |
| CHE 595 | Continuing Registration |
2021 Spring
| Course Number | Course Title |
|---|---|
| CEE 790 | Reading and Conference |
| CEE 599 | Thesis |
| CEE 799 | Dissertation |
| CEE 493 | Honors Thesis |
| CEE 592 | Research |
| CEE 792 | Research |
| CEE 595 | Continuing Registration |
| CEE 795 | Continuing Registration |
| CEE 492 | Honors Directed Study |
| MBB 495 | Undergraduate Research |
| CEE 593 | Applied Project |
| CHE 599 | Thesis |
| CHE 792 | Research |
| CHE 799 | Dissertation |
| CHE 593 | Applied Project |
| CHE 592 | Research |
| CEE 790 | Reading and Conference |
| BDE 799 | Dissertation |
| CEE 792 | Research |
| BDE 792 | Research |
| CEE 493 | Honors Thesis |
| CEE 599 | Thesis |
| CHE 595 | Continuing Registration |
2020 Fall
| Course Number | Course Title |
|---|---|
| CEE 492 | Honors Directed Study |
| CEE 493 | Honors Thesis |
| CEE 499 | Individualized Instruction |
| CEE 592 | Research |
| CEE 595 | Continuing Registration |
| CEE 599 | Thesis |
| CEE 790 | Reading and Conference |
| CEE 792 | Research |
| CEE 795 | Continuing Registration |
| CEE 799 | Dissertation |
| BDE 792 | Research |
| CHE 493 | Honors Thesis |
| CHE 592 | Research |
| CHE 599 | Thesis |
| CHE 792 | Research |
| CHE 799 | Dissertation |
| BIO 495 | Undergraduate Research |
| MBB 495 | Undergraduate Research |
| CHE 593 | Applied Project |
| BDE 799 | Dissertation |
| CEE 593 | Applied Project |
| CEE 792 | Research |
| CEE 595 | Continuing Registration |
| CEE 492 | Honors Directed Study |
| CEE 799 | Dissertation |
| CEE 592 | Research |
| CEE 493 | Honors Thesis |
| CEE 499 | Individualized Instruction |
| CHE 473 | Fuel Cells and Biofuel Cells |
| CHE 573 | Fuel Cells and Biofuel Cells |
2020 Summer
| Course Number | Course Title |
|---|---|
| CEE 792 | Research |
| CEE 790 | Reading and Conference |
| CHE 231 | IntroTransport Phenom I:Fluids |
| CHE 792 | Research |
| CHE 792 | Research |
| CHE 231 | IntroTransport Phenom I:Fluids |
| CHE 799 | Dissertation |
| MBB 495 | Undergraduate Research |
| CEE 799 | Dissertation |
| CEE 795 | Continuing Registration |
| CHE 592 | Research |
| CHE 599 | Thesis |
2020 Spring
| Course Number | Course Title |
|---|---|
| CEE 790 | Reading and Conference |
| CEE 599 | Thesis |
| CEE 799 | Dissertation |
| CEE 493 | Honors Thesis |
| CEE 592 | Research |
| CEE 792 | Research |
| CEE 595 | Continuing Registration |
| CEE 795 | Continuing Registration |
| CEE 492 | Honors Directed Study |
| MBB 495 | Undergraduate Research |
| CEE 593 | Applied Project |
| CHE 599 | Thesis |
| CHE 792 | Research |
| CHE 799 | Dissertation |
| CHE 593 | Applied Project |
| CHE 592 | Research |
| BDE 799 | Dissertation |
| CEE 792 | Research |
| BDE 792 | Research |
| CHE 492 | Honors Directed Study |
| CEE 493 | Honors Thesis |
| CEE 599 | Thesis |
2019 Fall
| Course Number | Course Title |
|---|---|
| CEE 492 | Honors Directed Study |
| CEE 493 | Honors Thesis |
| CEE 499 | Individualized Instruction |
| CEE 592 | Research |
| CEE 595 | Continuing Registration |
| CEE 599 | Thesis |
| CEE 790 | Reading and Conference |
| CEE 792 | Research |
| CEE 795 | Continuing Registration |
| CEE 799 | Dissertation |
| BDE 792 | Research |
| CHE 493 | Honors Thesis |
| CHE 599 | Thesis |
| CHE 792 | Research |
| CHE 799 | Dissertation |
| BIO 495 | Undergraduate Research |
| MBB 495 | Undergraduate Research |
| CHE 593 | Applied Project |
| BDE 799 | Dissertation |
| CEE 593 | Applied Project |
| CEE 792 | Research |
| CEE 595 | Continuing Registration |
| CEE 492 | Honors Directed Study |
| CEE 799 | Dissertation |
| CEE 592 | Research |
| CEE 493 | Honors Thesis |
| CHE 494 | Special Topics |
| CHE 598 | Special Topics |
| CEE 598 | Special Topics |
| CEE 499 | Individualized Instruction |
2019 Summer
| Course Number | Course Title |
|---|---|
| CEE 792 | Research |
| CEE 790 | Reading and Conference |
| BDE 792 | Research |
| CHE 231 | IntroTransport Phenom I:Fluids |
| CHE 792 | Research |
| CHE 795 | Continuing Registration |
| CHE 231 | IntroTransport Phenom I:Fluids |
| CHE 799 | Dissertation |
| MBB 495 | Undergraduate Research |
| CEE 799 | Dissertation |
| CEE 795 | Continuing Registration |
2019 Spring
| Course Number | Course Title |
|---|---|
| CEE 790 | Reading and Conference |
| CEE 599 | Thesis |
| CEE 799 | Dissertation |
| CEE 493 | Honors Thesis |
| CEE 592 | Research |
| CEE 792 | Research |
| CEE 595 | Continuing Registration |
| CEE 795 | Continuing Registration |
| CEE 492 | Honors Directed Study |
| MBB 495 | Undergraduate Research |
| CEE 593 | Applied Project |
| CHE 599 | Thesis |
| CHE 792 | Research |
| CHE 799 | Dissertation |
| CHE 593 | Applied Project |
| CHE 592 | Research |
| CEE 790 | Reading and Conference |
| BDE 799 | Dissertation |
| CHE 231 | IntroTransport Phenom I:Fluids |
| CEE 792 | Research |
| BDE 792 | Research |
| CHE 492 | Honors Directed Study |
| CHE 231 | IntroTransport Phenom I:Fluids |
| CHE 231 | IntroTransport Phenom I:Fluids |
| CHE 231 | IntroTransport Phenom I:Fluids |
| CEE 493 | Honors Thesis |
| CEE 799 | Dissertation |
| CEE 599 | Thesis |
2018 Fall
| Course Number | Course Title |
|---|---|
| CEE 492 | Honors Directed Study |
| CEE 493 | Honors Thesis |
| CEE 499 | Individualized Instruction |
| CEE 592 | Research |
| CEE 595 | Continuing Registration |
| CEE 599 | Thesis |
| CEE 790 | Reading and Conference |
| CEE 792 | Research |
| CEE 795 | Continuing Registration |
| CEE 799 | Dissertation |
| BDE 792 | Research |
| CHE 493 | Honors Thesis |
| CHE 592 | Research |
| CHE 599 | Thesis |
| CHE 792 | Research |
| CHE 799 | Dissertation |
| BIO 495 | Undergraduate Research |
| MBB 495 | Undergraduate Research |
| CHE 593 | Applied Project |
| BDE 799 | Dissertation |
| CEE 593 | Applied Project |
| CEE 792 | Research |
| CEE 595 | Continuing Registration |
| CEE 492 | Honors Directed Study |
| CEE 799 | Dissertation |
| CEE 592 | Research |
| CEE 493 | Honors Thesis |
2018 Summer
| Course Number | Course Title |
|---|---|
| CEE 790 | Reading and Conference |
| BDE 792 | Research |
| CHE 792 | Research |
| CHE 795 | Continuing Registration |
| BDE 792 | Research |
| CHE 799 | Dissertation |
| MBB 495 | Undergraduate Research |